活性炭纤维对水中微囊藻毒素的吸附性能

利用活性炭纤维对水中微囊藻毒素MC—LR的吸附，研究了吸附过程的热力学与动力学特性。结果表明，活性炭纤维对MC—LR的平衡吸附量在相同温度下随MC-LR初始浓度的增加而显著增大，并随着温度升高而增加，最大吸附量达246μg／g。不同温度条件下，活性炭纤维对MC-LR的吸附均较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。通过热力学分析发现，△H=15．7kJ／mol、△G〈0、△S〉0，表明该吸附是自发的、吸热的过程，温度升高有利于吸附反应。动力学研究表明，该过程符合一级动力学方程。吸附反应速率受颗粒内扩散和液膜扩散共同影响。活性炭纤维经再生后，平衡吸附量变化较小，具有良好的重复使用性能。     

Evaluating inter-continental transport of fine aerosols:(2) Global health impact

In this second of two companion papers, we quantify for the first time the global impact on premature mortality of the inter-continental transport of fine aerosols (including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, and mineral dust) using the global modeling results of (Liu et al., 2009). Our objective is to estimate the number of premature mortalities in each of ten selected continental regions resulting from fine aerosols transported from foreign regions in approximately year 2000. Our simulated annual mean population-weighted (P-W) concentrations of total PM2.5 (aerosols with diameter less than 2.5 μm) are highest in East Asia (EA, 30 μg m^?3) and lowest in Australia (3.6 μg m^?3). Dust is the dominant component of PM2.5 transported between continents. We estimate global annual premature mortalities (for adults age 30 and up) due to inter-continental transport of PM2.5 to be nearly 380 thousand (K) in 2000. Approximately half of these deaths occur in the Indian subcontinent (IN), mostly due to aerosols transported from Africa and the Middle East (ME). Approximately 90K deaths globally are associated with exposure to foreign (i.e., originating outside a receptor region) non-dust PM2.5. More than half of the premature mortalities associated with foreign non-dust aerosols are due to aerosols originating from Europe (20K), ME (18K) and EA (15K); and nearly 60% of the 90K deaths occur in EA (21K), IN (19K) and Southeast Asia (16K). The lower and higher bounds of our estimated 95% confidence interval (considering uncertainties from the concentration–response relationship and simulated aerosol concentrations) are 18% and 240% of the estimated deaths, respectively, and could be larger if additional uncertainties were quantified. We find that in 2000 nearly 6.6K premature deaths in North America (NA) were associated with foreign PM2.5 exposure (5.5K from dust PM2.5). NA is least impacted by foreign PM2.5 compared to receptors on the Eurasian continent. However, the number of premature mortalities associated with foreign aerosols in NA (mostly occurring in the U.S.) is comparable to the reduction in premature mortalities expected to result from tightening the U.S. 8-h O₃ standard from 0.08 ppmv to 0.075 ppmv. International efforts to reduce inter-continental transport of fine aerosol pollution would substantially benefit public health on the Eurasian continent and would also benefit public health in the United States.     

碳羟基磷灰石对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

利用废弃蛋壳为原材料,水热法合成碳羟基磷灰石(CHAP),并利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析手段对其结构进行了表征.将CHAP作为含铬废水的吸附剂,考察了pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附行为的影响.结果表明,初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,在常温(22±2) ℃、溶液pH为3.0、CHAP用量为5 g/L时,30 min基本达到吸附平衡,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为98.3%,饱和吸附容量达29.85 mg/g.CHAP对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,相关系数分别为0.998 4和0.922 6.通过10%(体积分数)H2SO4对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的CHAP进行再生,再生率最高达95.8%.     

黄河水体沉积物对敌百虫和甲拌磷的吸附

对敌百虫和甲拌磷在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附特性进行了研究,观察了ｐＨ值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响．结果表明,敌百虫的吸附过程为一级动力学规律;敌百虫的吸附符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式,甲拌磷的吸附可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ等温式较好地描述．ｐｈ值降低或离子强度增加使敌百虫和甲拌磷在沉积物中的吸附程度明显减小．敌百虫在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附以表面吸附为主,而甲拌磷则表现为表面吸附和在有机碳中的分配作用两种吸附方式．     

Spatial variability of soil heavy metals in the three gorges area: multivariate and geostatistical analyses

There is a growing concern about environmental contamination in the three gorges area. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial variability and the possible influence factors of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in the center of this area based on multivariate and geostatistical approaches. All analyzed heavy metals were below their background levels, except Cd. The average concentrations of the analyzed elements in topsoil (0-20 cm) were 5.83 mg As kg(-1), 0.21 mg Cd kg(-1), 78.79 mg Cr kg(-1), 21.53 mg Cu kg (-1), 0.049 mg Hg kg(-1), 24.12 mg Pb kg(-1), and 68.5 mg Zn kg(-1). The concentration of As was mostly due to parent materials, whereas the source of Pb was mainly due to vehicle exhaust. The high concentration of Cd was resulted from agricultural practices and parent materials. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn were associated with parent materials and human activities.     

没食子酸生产废炭渣的处理

采用热水洗涤法回收没食子酸生产废炭渣中的没食子酸,过滤炭渣经热再生处理得到热再生活性炭。研究了热水洗涤法回收没食子酸和热再生法再生活性炭的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,热水洗涤法回收没食子酸的优化工艺条件:废炭渣质量与热水体积比为0.15g/mL,热水洗涤时间为60min,热水洗涤温度为60℃。在此最佳工艺条件下,没食子酸回收量达52mg/g。热再生法再生活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:热再生温度500℃,热再生时间120min。在此条件下制备的热再生活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附量达168mg/g,热再生活性炭平均得率为57.1%。     

活性炭电极对溶液中NaCl的电吸附行为

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了电极的表面性质,发现电极表面的黏结剂可完全碳化,且活性炭上带有大量含氧官能团;利用电化学工作站采用循环伏安法对电极进行了测试,表明电吸附是一稳定而又可逆的过程,电极电流的最大值由碳化前的0.019 8A升至碳化后的0.042 7A,双电层电容提高到碳化前的2.16倍;对NaCl的电吸附实验表明碳化后电极的电吸附率是碳化前的1.59倍,活性炭的吸附容量也由1.14mg/g提高到3.29mg/g,且活性炭电极具有良好的重复利用性。     

污泥膨胀状态下原生动物群落结构分析

系统研究了丝状菌膨胀与非丝状菌膨胀2种典型污泥状态下原生动物的群落结构特征及其演变规律。伴随丝状菌的大量增殖，原生动物总量相应减少，匍匐型纤毛虫及有壳类肉足虫数量迅速上升，占据明显的优势地位，典型原生动物为斜管虫（Chilodonella sp.）、小轮毛虫（Trochilia minuta）以及匣壳虫（Centropyxis sp.）；非丝状菌污泥膨胀对原生动物总量及种群结构影响较小，伴随粘性菌胶团的大量出现，各功能类群的比例变化较小，但原生动物总量持续增加，其中菌食性纤毛虫呈线性增加，典型原生动物为钟虫（Vorticella sp.）。     

氮掺杂氧化钛的简易制备及可见光催化活性的研究

为开发对可见光响应的催化剂，以尿素为氮掺杂剂，采用简易溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂氧化钛，并以2,4-DCP的降解检验其光催化活性。XRD、BET、XPS和UV-Vis漫反射光谱分析表明，随着氮/钛原子比（N/Ti)的增大，各催化剂晶粒尺寸减小，比表面积增大，锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变得到抑制，除0#样品出现金红石相外，其他催化剂均只出现锐钛矿相；掺入催化剂的N位于晶格O位点和晶格间隙，替代N和间隙N掺杂使催化剂的光吸收发生明显的红移。荧光光谱分析表明，当N/Ti在0～6范围内增加时，反应体系中·OH自由基的产生速率增加，当N/Ti增大至8时，速率则下降。相似的规律也表现在氮掺杂量对光催化活性的影响。适量氮掺杂能增强氧化钛的可见光催化活性，该改性催化剂可用于有机污染物的太阳光激催化降解。     

改性膨润土作为垃圾渗透液防渗层的实验研究

本文以天然钠基膨润土为原料，采用水溶液聚合法，在室温条件下，通过改性聚丙烯酰胺对膨润土进行直接插层改性，制备了一种新型聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土防渗材料。以此防渗材料作为防渗层，选用沈阳大辛填埋场的垃圾渗透液为处理对象，在动态实验下，就其对实际垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。抗渗性能测试结果表明，改性膨润土防渗性能较好，渗透系数为1．0×10^-7cm/s，达到固体废物填埋场的防渗材料国家标准1．0×10^-7cm／s的使用要求。改性膨润土防渗层对COD、氨氮、重金属离子去除效果较好，吸附作用较强，COD和氨氮最大去除率分别达到81％和91％，TFe、Zn^2＋和TCr的最大去除率分别达到71％、58％和73％。实验结果验证了本研究所制备的改性膨润土防渗材料具有优良的抗渗、截污性能。